How to Make Herbal Medicines

 

Dry the flowers and the leaves in the shade. They should be placed for a brief time in the sun to prevent fungus attack. Barks, woods and twigs can be dried in the sun or in thin layers in the open air. Fibrous roots can be dried in the sun or artificially at a temperature from 65o F to 80oF. Transversely cut fleshy roots and rhizomes can be dried and stored in a cool, dry place. All the plant parts such as flowers, leaves, twigs, roots, fruits and seeds can be considered as locked boxes of chemicals. If you want to use these chemicals within the plant, you must have specific key to unlock the box.

Making Herbal Remidies

1. INFUSION: The method is used for leaves, flowers, powdered bark, roots, seeds, nuts, buds etc. in much the same way as tea. This should be made fresh each day for three doses and drink hot or cold. Keep the plant part in a boiling water for about half an hour. One part of alcohol can be added to 3 parts of infusion if it is to be preserved. This infusion will become three times as strong as an average infusion.
2. DECQCTION: The method involves more vigorous extraction of plants active in gradients than an infusion from harder parts of the plant. Heat the plant part in water and simmer up upto an hour. Strain and use hot or cold. This is a sort of a soup. The decoctions should be strained while hot. The decoction ca be preserved the same way as the infusion.
3. Plants active ingredients are extracted in ethyle alcohol or diluted alcohol. Alcohol also acts as preservative. Medicine should be taken in dilutions.
4. SYRUP: Syrups can be made by gently heating honey or sugar and infusion or decoction. This makes an ideal cough remedy. Glycerine may be added to act as preservative.
5. JELLY: It is syrup in more congealed form. Add small amount of rectified spirit as preservative.
6. OILS: Pack the jar with herb and cover completely with oil. Keep it for two to three weeks and this oil can be used in creams, ointments and for external massage.
7. CREAM: It is a blend of plant juice, fat or oil and wax. It blends with the skin. Few drops of tincture of benzoin may be added as preservative. Beeswax is a perfect hardener for creams and ointments.
8. OINTMENT: This is prepared by heating oil or fat with the plant till the oil has absorbed the healing principles. No water is mixed and it does not blend with the skin. The plant is strained out and beeswax is added to harden the ointment. Few drops of tincture of benzoin or glycerine may be added as preservative. Cocoa butter can be used for making suppositories and skin lotions.
9. POWDERS AND CAPSULES: Powdered plants can be made into capsules.
10. PILLS: powdered herbs may be enclosed in gelatine capsules and swallowed with water. Pills may be rolled in liqurice root powder for preservation.
11. COMPRESS: A cloth pad soaked in herbal extract can be applied to accelerate healing of wounds. Muscle injuries or for headaches.
12. POULTICE: Chop fresh herbs in a food processor and then boil in water for few minutes. Spread it on the effected area. Apply gauze or cotton cloth to hold the poultice carefully in place. Replace the poultice every 2-4 hours.
13. PASSARIES AND SUPPOSITORY: Boil the herbs in cocoa butter or mix the plant part with cocoa butter and add few drops of essential oil. Roll into 2 to 2.5 inch cylindrical shape with tapering outwards for insersion in rectum or vagina. Store suppositories in a cool place.
14. STEAM INHALANTS: place dried herbs in a bowl and pour boiling water over it. Lean over the bowl with a towel draped over your head. These are ideal for catarrh, asthma or sinusitis.
15. JUICE: Extract of a plant by applying pressure.
16. HERB SALT: Grind the herb and use as salt.

Acontium Napellus Linn

Botanical Name: Acontium Napellus Linn

Family:         Ranunculaceae

Local Names: Mitha Zahar, Mohti

English Name: Pakistani Aconite, Monk’s Hood

Distribution:  Upper Hazara, Malakand, Khyber, Kurram Agencies, Chitral, Swat

 and Gilgit.

Place of Origin:      Nepal, Kashmir

Description: An erect herb with elongated tuberous conical root stock. Stem 3-4 feet high Leaves deeply palmately divided. Flowers greenish-blue in racemes. Follicles 3-5, sessile, hairy, seed coat smooth.

Medicinal Uses:

          The dried roots are used as anodyne, diaphoretic and diuretic. It is remedy for facial neuralgia.

Advent of Islam

Islam dawned in Arabia fourteen centuries ago. With its advent changed the course of history and destiny of men in most parts of the world. Its impact on history has been felt strongly throughout the ages. It is universal in character and spirit. Its glorious achievements, its impressive teachings, its golden principles and fascinating cultural features make the proudest heritage of mankind, which fundamentally owes much to the person and the sunnah of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him).

English language

English language is the legacy of British rule in India. During the British period it was the language of instruction, law and administration. It dominated for about two centuries in the subcontinent. Even after independence, English continued to enjoy its previous status. For decades it remained the language of learning, law and administration in Pakistan. But at present it is being replaced by national language, Urdu. Even then English being an international language enjoys considerable influence in Pakistan. It is widely used for commercial, legal and other official transactions. The educated people fluently speak and write it. It is the medium of instruction of higher education in scientific and technical fields. Indeed it is the language of modern science and technology.

Two Nation Theory

The two nation theory means that the Indian Muslims were quite a separate nation particularly from the Hindus who formed the majority in Indian. In fact, both communities (Muslims and Hindus) where religiously, politically and culturally different from each other.

Embroidery

Embroidery in cotton, silk, wool, gold or silver thread has a longstanding tradition in Pakistan with distinct styles and designs. It is the folk art of the women and the basic materials used is hand-spun and hand-woven cotton. This material is generally embroidered in fixed patterns and colours, but each piece has its own individuality. Swat is famous for its Kashida embroidery.

          Phulkari and bagh embroideries are the specialties of the Hazara district. The traditional Baluchi and Sindhi embroidery presents fascinating works of art in colour and clearly stands out among the best in the world. The Baluchi embroidery alone has 118 different basic designs. Minute mirrors are used as an additional embellishment, but in a more sophisticated manner than in the embroidery of Sind. The Sindhi embroidery consists of a variety of stitches, repetitive geometric and floral patterns and motifs using abstract forms of birds and animals. Sind is also famous for its colourful patchwork quilt called rilli, made from old, dyed pieces of cotton or silk cloth. The leather embroidery of Sind and Baluchistan is a popular medium for decorating shoes, hand bags and horse and camel gear.

Jewellery

The folk jewellery is very popular in Pakistan. It is made of silver. It is found in a wide range and variety in each region of Pakistan. The jewellery of Chitral, Kaghan and Swat is clearly influenced by Graeco-Roman and Buddhist cultures. The neck ornaments are heavy and have a fringe of silver coins or beads. The jewellery in Baluchistan, Punjab and Sind has a definite family resemblance. In Multan, Bahawalpur and Sind, silver ornaments enamelled in light or dark blue, red, black and yellow are made.

Pakistan Census 2011

Schedule of the census-2011:  
House Listing Operation          :  5th to 19th April 2011
Population & Housing Census  :  August/ September 2011
Calendar Activities Population and Housing Census:
Is a stock taking of human resources of a country and their living conditions at one point of time.
It provides basic data on demographic, social and economic variables about each person and each housing unit.
Serves as bench mark for all socio-economic development plans, administrative activities, demographic research and projection of population to meet future needs.
Scope of Census:
i)Area to be covered.
Census will cover entire territory of Pakistan.
ii) Population to be covered.
All persons living in the country at the time of census dates are enumerated. Foreign nationals are also enumerated except diplomatic personnel and their families.
iii) Questionnaire
Three types of questionnaires will be used. Form -1 will be used for house Listing , Form - 2 will be used for main census operation while Form -2A will be used on sample basis for detail questions.
Census Methodology:
Enumeration Method: Canvasser method to be used in which information is collected and recorded by the enumerator through door to door visit.
Population Count: Population to be counted at usual place of residence (De-jure method) for comparison over the past. Population by district of birth also to be counted and published.
Field Operation: Census is usually held in two phases: House Listing and Population & Housing Census. House Listing is usually carried out a few months before the main census.
Topics to be covered in Census:
A) DEMOGRAPHIC & SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Age - Sex - Relationship to the head - Marital status - Religion - Mother tongue (language) - Nationality
B) EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS (for 5 years +)
Literacy status - School attendance - Level of education completed - Field of education
C) GEOGRAPHICAL / MIGRATION CHARACTERISTICS
Usual residence - District of birth - Duration of continuous residence in district - District of previous residence - Reason of migration
D) ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS (for 10 years +)
Usual Activity - Part time Activity – Occupation
- Industry Employment status - Reason of unemployment
E) FERTILITY / MORTALITY (females 15-49 Years)
No. of children ever born by sex
No. of children still living by sex
No. of children born during last 12 months by sex
No. of children still living by sex
F) MISCELLANEOUS
Nature and Type of Disability if any
Holding of CNIC by persons of 18 years plus
G) HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS
- Information about living quarters; number of rooms, sex of the owner, tenure status, period since constructed and construction material used in outer walls & roofs.
- Data on source of drinking water, source of lighting and cooking fuel used.
Availability of proper kitchen, bathroom, latrine and type of latrine
- Media of information such as T.V., Radio, Newspaper, Telephone and Mobile
Delimitation of Census Areas:
For complete coverage and effective field supervision, the country has been delimited on a four-tier system, into;
424 - Census Districts (Tehsils/ Towns and Cantts.)
3203 - Census Charges (Kano go/ Town or part of Town /Cantt.)
22398 - Census Circle (Patwar Circle/part of Town /Cantt.)
146230 - Census Blocks (Village, part of Town)
Census block roughly comprises of 200 houses
One block is assigned to one enumerator.
You can read more information visit: http://www.census.gov.pk/

QLINK DATA ENTRY PROJECT

QLINK DATA ENTRY PROJECT

BY

http://www.onlinesmilepakistan.com

Detailed Help / Guide Document

FOR Info contact us: 0346-8028536

INTRODUCTION:

This is very simple and easy Data Entry Job. You just have to type the captcha codes online. You can do this job if:

• You have computer & high speed internet
• You have good typing speed
• You have some free time and want to earn seriously

SALARY RATES:

Following are the current rates for Qlinkgroup Data Entry Project, which can be increased/decreased any time by the company.

• Registration Fee: 500 or 7$
• Rate for Night Shift: Rs. 70 per 1000 codes
• Rate for 24 hours Shift: Rs. 70 per 1000 codes

Night shift is (11:00PM to 06:00AM) Pakistani Timings (GMT +05.00) 

If you have a team and want to work individual then you will need to buy admin panel from us

Admin Panel Price:Rs. 3000 or 32$

Benefits of Admin Panel:

With admin panel you can create unlimited ids for your client; Company will give all of your client payment to you.

How to purchase & payment process

We accept webmoney wmz, liberty reserve and Easy Paisa (For Pakistani User)only.
1. Webmoney WMZ:
Z-Purse: Z146146424074, Email: amirmukhtar64@yahoo.com
2. Liberty Reserve:
Account NO: U5867268 Name: AmirMukhtar

HOW TO JOIN Qlinkgroup Data Entry Project:

After issuance of your Work IDs, you can start your work at any time and also download the following software.

Download & Install Windows Installer 3.1

Download and install .Net Framework 2.0 

Download the Software for Qlink Data Entry v12.04.08.1

PAYMENT METHODS

For International Users: 

• Moneybooker
• Liberty Reserve
• Webmoney etc

For Pakistani Users:

• Easypaisa
• Money Order
• Bank Transfer
• Easyload etc.(Pakistani users can get payment on daily basis)

C2C DATA ENTRY JOBS

C2C DATA ENTRY PROJECT

BY

http://www.onlinesmilepakistan.com

Detailed Help / Guide Document

FOR Info contact us: 0346-8028536

INTRODUCTION:

This is very simple and easy Data Entry Job. You just have to type the captcha codes online. You can do this job if:

• You have computer & high speed internet
• You have good typing speed
• You have some free time and want to earn seriously

SALARY RATES:

Following are the current rates for C2C Data Entry Project, which can be increased/decreased any time by the company.

• Registration Fee: 500 or 7$
• Rate for 24 hours Shift: Rs.80 per 1000 codes

If you have a team and want to work individual then you will need to buy admin panel from us

Admin Panel Price:Rs. 2000 or 22$

Benefits of Admin Panel:

With admin panel you can create unlimited ids for your client; Company will give all of your client payment to you.

How to purchase & payment process

We accept webmoney wmz, liberty reserve and Easy Paisa (For Pakistani User)only.
1. Webmoney WMZ:
Z-Purse: Z146146424074, Email: amirmukhtar64@yahoo.com
2. Liberty Reserve:
Account NO: U5867268 Name: AmirMukhtar

HOW TO JOIN Qlinkgroup Data Entry Project:

After issuance of your Work IDs, you can start your work at any time and also download the following software.

Download & Install Windows Installer 3.1

Download and install .Net Framework 3.5

Download the newest Software for C2C Data Entry

PAYMENT METHODS

For International Users: 

• Moneybooker
• Liberty Reserve
• Webmoney etc

For Pakistani Users:

• Easypaisa
• Money Order
• Bank Transfer
• Easyload etc.(Pakistani users can get payment on daily basis)

Nathiagali

Nathiagali is perhaps the most beautiful hill station in Pakistan. It is situated on the Muree-Abbottabad road, roughly 20 miles from either place. From 1913 onward; it has been usually the summer headquarters of the government on khyber pakhtunkhwa. In 1957, the president of Pakistan also chose it for his summer residence. There are beautiful rest houses. The government house makes an interesting feature of Nathiagali. It is a beautiful hill station. Its lawns are delightful. There are also good hotels and private cottages and banglows in Nathiagali.

          Nathiagali has an elevation of about 8200 ft. it commands glorious views and offers fine walks. Beyond the green slopes of Miran Jani (9793 ft) whice rise on the north-east of Nathiagali, the snow-laden heights of Nanga parbat can easily be seen on bright days. With its ridges thickly clothed by pine, maple, chestnuts and oaks, Nathiagali presents the finest environment. It is rich in a variety of wild flowers. The beauty of the station, in fact, lies in its grandeur, greenery and calmness. The beautiful hills, calm atmosphere, cool air, good accommodation, luxuriant forests, picturesque meadows, green lawns and attractive flowers considerably add much charm to the hill station of Nathiagali.

Calligraphy

Calligraphy is purely an Islamic art. It originated with the advent of Islam. It flowered particularly in the early and medieval centuries of Islam. It was always considered to be a very respectful art. Proficiency in it was indeed the hall-mark of a gentleman. In short, calligraphy is a great heritage of the Muslim art and has been a distinctive importance right from the advent of Islam to the present day. Every period of the Muslim history has witnessed renowned calligraphists. Their unique pieces of art are still a source of great inspiration for the art-lovers. During the hey-day of Islam, the Muslims had been so well-versed with the Holy Quran and Hadith that they used the place of calligraphed verses and the sayings of the Holy Prophet for decoration. Every distinguished calligraphist had been calligraphing the verses of the Holy Quran and had created masterpieces of it. This art had made a rich contribution to the publication and propagation of the Holy Quran as the Muslims devoted their aesthetic and artistic skill to it. The Masjids constructed during the early and medieval period of Islam were adorned with superb pieces of calligraphy and reflect the great value of this remarkable Muslim art.

          Pakistan, which is deeply rooted in Islamic history and culture, was the natural inheritor of the excellent traditions of calligraphy which were duly followed, maintained and advanced by Pakistani calligraphists. There have been many reputed calligraphic artists in Pakistan. In Lahore, Agha Mirza Imam Vardy gave new dimensions to this art and was followed by equally renowned Sufi Abdul Majid Parveen Raqam who changed the round form of letters to elegant ovals. The published works of Allama Iqbal are in his hand and so are some of the verses inscribed on the shrine of Ali Hijweri. Tajuddin Zareen Raqam had his own style. Others included Maulvi Muhammad Hussain, Munshi Muhammad Saddiq Almas Raqam and Munshi Jamil Ahmad. Haji Din Muhammad specialized in tughra while Munshi Muhammad Qasim Sultan-ul-Qalam began writing a beautiful Quran (later finished by his son Munshi Muhammad Shafi) for the Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam, Lahore.

          Calligraphy is very much a living art today in Pakistan. There are many distinguished calligraphists like Sufi Khursheed Alam, Syed Anwar Hussain Nafis Raqam and Hafiz Muhammad Yousaf Sadidi. Sadequain is a well-known painter-cum-calligraphist. He had acquired a peculiar technique and style in the calligraphing and painting of the Quranic verses using the alphabetic grandeur of Kufic script. His works have a unique power and flair. They are dominantly marked by sky-blue and earthy born colours. Another artist, Sardar Muhammad has also produced quality calligraphic works. Similar is the case with Aslam Kamal.

          Speaking as a whole, the Pakistani artists have produced excellent works in painting and calligraphy. They are in demand abroad and many countries have often offered to hold exhibitions of their paintings and calligraphic contributions. Really our artists are gaining eminence overseas. They have projected both beauty and image of Pakistan. Both the government and the public are taking great interest in the promotion of fine arts in Pakistan.

woodworking

The woodworking including furniture carving etc. is also very popular art in Pakistan. In the Punjab and frontier, regions, it is not uncommon to find, even in small villages, carved doors and pillars on which floral designs are delicately chiseled with considerable skill and beauty.

          The woodcarving of Kashmir is of international fame. The floral designs in engraved or raised work are delicately wrought on jewellery boxes, trays etc. Chiniot is known for brass inlay. Ornamenting of wood with lace demands artistic manipulation by the craftsmen of khankot (Hala) and Kashmore. It is used to decorated bed-steads, tables and chairs. Jhang, Sargodha and some areas around Lahore are famous for this work.

Farming

Pakistan is basically a farming country. Chief occupation of the people is farming. About 80 per cent of the people comprise agriculturists and farmers who mostly earn their livelihood by tilling the soil and working hard in their fields. The total cultivated area in Pakistan is about 4 crore square miles. Generally, there are two crops,the Rabi (hari) and the Kharif (Soni). The Rabi crops include wheat, barly, gram and oil seeds. Wheat is the staple food in Pakistan. The kharif crops consist of rice, maize, pulses,cotton and sugarcane. Rice is also the staple food in this country. The other important crops which are grown in Pakistan are tobacco and a variety of vegetables and fruits. Pakistan has been bestowed by nature with a variety of high quality of fruits such as mangoes, bananas, oranges, lemons, peaches, apples,grapes and melons.

          Farming is the mainstay of Pakistan’s economy. Hence, since independence, some efforts have been made to improve the farming sector. We see, after independence, this sector underwent some basic reforms more than twice. It was tried to remove the ills of the British days which prevailed in the farming field. Particularly, attempts were made to improve the relationship between the landowners, and land-tenants. Besides, concerted efforts have been made to modernize farming in Pakistan. Old methods of cultivation are disappearing. Instead, modern methods are becoming popular. Modern farming machinery is used now. Tractors, threshers and fertilizers are now widely in vogue throughout Pakistan. The government is taking keen interest in developing the agriculture sector. The government provides adequate information about the scientific methods of farming, proper care of livestock and encourages cooperative use of tractors, artificial fertilizers and quality seeds to increase production. Factories have been established to manufacture and assemble farming implements and to produce fertilizers in adequate quantity. The government provides seeds of high yield. Maxi-pak wheat and Irri rice are now the most popular varieties. The credit facilities have also been expended. The Agriculture Development Bank is also playing a very constructive role in the progress of farming. It grants loans and helps the farmers in their efforts to improve their farmlands. The international agencies like the World Bank are also helping Pakistan in many ways to overcome its food difficulties. In the recent years, Pakistan has attained self-sufficiency in wheat, sugar and other commodities. The sugarcane, maize and rice crops registered substantial gains. A domestic free market in wheat and sugar has been developed and both commodities have now derationed.

          Inspite of all this, Paksitan is still facing many serious problems in the farming sector. The most crucial problem in this regard is the problem of water logging and salinity. Much of irrigated land is rendered uncultivated every year. However, the government is trying its best to arrest this menace.

Live BBC World News

Live BBC World News

CNBC News

Live CNBC

CNN News

Live CNN News

ARY News

Live ARY News

Waqat News

watch Waqat News Live

Geo News

Wait upto 1 minute to Watch Geo News Live

Watch Sky News

Wait upto 1 minute to Watch Sky News Live

Express News Live

Wait upto 1 minute to Watch Express News Live

pakistan map

Map of Pakistan and travel information about Pakistan

PIX DATA ENTRY

PIX DATA ENTRY PROJECT
BY

http://www.onlinesmilepakistan.com
Detailed Help / Guide Document

FOR Info contact us: 0346-8028536

INTRODUCTION:

This is very simple and easy Data Entry Job. You just have to type the captcha codes online. You can do this job if:

• You have computer & high speed internet
• You have good typing speed
• You have some free time and want to earn seriously

SALARY RATES:

Following are the current rates for Pix Data Entry Project, which can be increased/decreased any time by the company.

• Registration Fee: 500 or 7$
• Rates for 24 hours  Rs. 70 per 1$.
• Minimum Payout  3$
  

In Pix Data Entry all captcha are Case sensitive

If you have a team and want to work individual then you will need to buy admin panel from us

Admin Panel Price: Rs.1700/- or 20$

Benefits of Admin Panel:

With admin panel you can create unlimited ids for your client; Company will give all of your client payment to you.

How to purchase & payment process

We accept webmoney wmz, liberty reserve and Easy Paisa (For Pakistani User)only.
1. Webmoney WMZ:
Z-Purse: Z146146424074, Email: amirmukhtar64@yahoo.com
2. Liberty Reserve:
Account NO: U5867268 Name: AmirMukhtar

HOW TO JOIN PIX Data Entry Project:

After issuance of your Work IDs, you can start your work at any time and also download the following software.

Download & Install Windows Installer 3.1

Download and install .Net Framework 4.0 

Download the Software for Pix Data Entry

PAYMENT METHODS

For International Users: 

• Moneybooker
• Liberty Reserve
• Webmoney etc

For Pakistani Users:

• Easypaisa
• Money Order
• Bank Transfer
• Easyload etc.(Pakistani users can get payment on daily basis) 

 

Textiles

In spite of modern textile miles, the hand-woven cotton clothes in Pakistan are still every popular for daily wear. These are either block printed or beautifully embroidered. In the northern areas, even woolen cloth is hand-woven.

          Sind and Multan are famous for beautiful Khais and Lunghis. Brocade is the finest handloom product.

          Kimkhwab is produced by interweaving silk and gold or silver thread in a rich variety of colour and floral designs. Lahore, Khairpur and Karachi are famous for excellent brocades and silk saries.

Pottery Art of Pakistan

Pottery is a very popular craft in Pakistan. The potter at his wheel is common in every village and town. The history of pottery is very old. The potter’s wheel has been moving in the region from the time immemorial. Indeed the potter’s art is time honoured. Traditional in his art, he remains quite uninfluenced by the glamour of modern age. He skillfully shapes his utensils and vases.

          Pottery in Pakistan is varied in forms. The thin clay pottery called kaghazi is produced in Bahawalpur. The elegant forms of this pottery are characteristically embellished by lattice designs in open cut work. Bahawalpur, Rawalpindi and its environs also produce colourful painted pottery, the painting being done after firing.

          The unglazed pottery used in every day life is either left plain or decorated with painting before or after firing or by pressing out a design with a die before the article is completely dry. Sind is famous for painting pottery in which two colours, black and maroon, are used before firing.

          The glazed pottery, which dates back to the 13^th century, has obvious traces of the Persian influence and its use in architectural decoration such as mosaic and tiles is an exclusively Muslim contribution to the architecture in the region. Fine examples of such pottery are today found in Hala, Multan, Gujrat and Peshawar. The Peshawar pottery is simple in form but is successfully adapting a variety of modern designs for a number of articles of daily use. In the traditional pottery, deep and light brown, dark and light green are the popular colours.

Islamic culture

Islamic culture is the culture which implies all the internal and external, intellectual and material activities and achievements of the Muslims in the world. It signifies the growth of Islamic lore and learning, Islamic language and literature, art and architecture, the advancement of Islamic political ideas and administrative institutions. In a word, Islamic culture means the Islamic way of life: Islamic culture, in fact, is a particular culture which has evolved on the basis of the teaching of Islam: it is based on the teachings of the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet. It is quite dynamic and forceful in character and spirit.

Archaeological Heritage Harappa and Moenjodaro

 

Harappa in Sahiwal district (Punjab) and Moenjodaro in Larkana (sind) have been excavated in recent times. Their discovery has created a great stir in the world of scholarship. It has given a great impetus to excavation and research. The excavations of Harappa and Moenjodaro have really exposed to modern man the early efforts of human society in organising its social, cultural and political life. The finds at these sites confirm that some five thousand years ago, particular civilization flowered in the Indus valley, which is particularly known as the Indus valley civilization.

The principal remains at Harappa include the citadel, the scattered general city, the granary, the cemetery. The big finds at Moenjodaro consisted of the rampart wall, the citadel, the stupa, the great bath, the great granary and the main drain. The general remains found at the sites consist of seals, statues, house-hold articles, weapons, skeletons of domesticated animals, pictorial writings. It is said that it was destroyed successively and rebuilt no less than seven times. However, today it stands as the most spectacular of all the excavated cities of the Indus valley. At its glory, it was a beautiful city with fine rows of brick houses, pillared, halls, baths, markets, lanes, streets and public places. Almost every house had wells, drains and bathrooms.

Harappa and Moenjodaro were situated about 400 miles apart. Both were great centres of commerce, trade and industry. Communications by the river Indus provided a natural highway between that two capital cities of the Indus valley civilization. We find wonderful similarity in their relics. We find the same rigidity of rules, the same weights and measures, the same system of writing, the same rituals and practices and the same materials of daily use.

          Their general lay-outs show that they were fine cities. It reveals that their inhabitants were highly cultured and civilized people. The brick built houses, lanes, streets, market places and public baths demonstrate the skill of their builders in architecture, engineering and town-planning.

          The inhabitants of these cities were said to have brown complexion, curly black hair, thick lips and flat hollowed cheeks. They used cotton fabrics and warm textiles.  Both men and women wore some ornaments made of gold, silver, ivory, copper and precious stones. The most popular ornaments in use were necklaces, armlets, finger rings and bangles. There was a great variety in the shape and design of ornaments. Some of them were of singular beauty. They used untensils of different size and shape with beautiful paintings on them and followed many professions which included farming, pottery, weaving, carpentry, masonry, metal work (gold, silver, copper, iron, bronze etc.), stone cutting and sculpturing. They had a well regulated life under a social and economic system and had trade relations with communities living in the east and the west. They usually worshipped the mother goddess and a male deity. They also worshipped stones, trees and animals.

          Wheat was the principal article of food. But barley and palm-dates were also familiar. They also used mutton, pork, fish and eggs. They cultivated wheat, barley and cotton, husbanded cattle and used the raw material for producing finished goods. They built granaries for storing grains and kept them clean and free of moisture. The kilns located outside the residential sector of the town were used for burning the bricks and the beautiful clay-pottery.

Islamic system of education

Islamic system of education initiated several centuries ago exists in all parts of the country. It aims at the religious training of the people. The madrasas teach subjects such as Holy Quran, Hadith, Islamic jurisprudence, Arabic, Persian, logic, philosophy, medicine and astronomy. The students are provided free lodging. In the past, the system used to prepare lawyers, judges and medical practitioners. But some of these functions were taken over by the universities.  The system is still strong in the teaching of oriental classics. The main object of the madrasas is to train religious guides of the people. They are known as maulvies, imams and khatibs. They have a lot of duties to perform. Among other things, they lead prayers and give sermons in Masjids. Some of them learn the Holy Quran by heart and one who has completely memorized the Holy Quran is respectfully known as Hafiz. Islamic system was neglected for long even after independence. But now when we are passing through a process of Islamization, the system has regained its importance. Efforts are being made to improve it. It is being harmonized with the modern system of education. Now madrasas have started qazi classes to prepare qazis for the qazi courts in the country. A net-work of Masjid Schools is being established. It will lessen the burden of primary and high schools.

          Efforts are also being made for the improvement of adult education. Generally, radio, television, museums and press are playing and important role in education the people.

Engineering Education in Pakistan

Education in engineering has also greatly developed in Pakistan. In 1947, there was only one engineering college in the whole country. But at present there are many engineering colleges and many engineering universities in Pakistan. Many more colleges are expected to be established in near future in sind and Punjab. Education in engineering is completed in a period of four years. The engineering colleges and universities produce engineers and higher technologists. Polytechnical institutions train technicians for the developing industries. Some of the polytechnical institutions are being raised to the status of technical colleges to produce technicians of high caliber.

Hill Station Murree In Pakistan

Murree is the most important hill station in pakistan. It is 37 miles from Rawalpindi and 35 miles from Islamabad. It is well connected with Rawalpinid, Islamabad, Abbottabad and Muzaffarabad by metalled roads. It is situated at the Muree spur which is an off-shoot of the Himalayas, at an elevation of 7517 ft. Magnificient view of the snow-clad mountains of Kashmir can be had in the spring and autumn.

The main station stretches between two points, namely, Pindi point and Kashmir point. The two points are connected by a road. The Mall is the main road of Murree. It runs at the top of the ridge in the heart of the station. It extends from the general post office to the Pindi point. Its most important part is the stretch between the post office and the church chauk. The Mall is the beautiful and fashionable avenue. It serves as the commercial centre as well as the meeting places of visitors to Murree.